FROM JACOBEAN MANSION TO TWENTY-FIRST CENTURY HERITAGE
SITE…
THE STORY OF
WITLEY COURT
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| South Front (C) Heather King |
In Victorian times, it was one of the largest and most
celebrated houses in the country. Today, Witley Court, near Worcester in England,
plays host to visitors from all over the world. Open air theatre productions
take place in its beautiful grounds as well as fun activities for children and
adults alike. You can take the dog and a picnic; walk around the Wilderness
area; sit in the shade of a venerable tree and watch the huge jet of water from
the restored Perseus and Andromeda fountain soar into the air; wander around
the ruins or enjoy a piece of scrumptious cake in the tea rooms. A visit to the
awe-inspiring Great Witley church is a must.
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| Perseus and Andromeda Fountain (C) Heather King |
It all began, however, in the 1620s, when a fine Jacobean
house belonged to the Russell family of Strensham. Stourbridge ironmaster
Richard Foley had copied a nail-making machine he saw in Sweden, made a fortune
and revolutionized the nail manufacturing industry in the Black Country in the
process. His son, Thomas Foley I (1617-77), bought the manor of Great Witley
from the Russell family in 1655. He also acquired other estates in the area,
including two Redmarley villages, Adam and Oliver. Highly respected for his
honest business dealings, he became High Sheriff of Worcestershire in 1655 and
also a Member of Parliament. After Richard’s death, Thomas made improvements to
the old Jacobean manor house at Great Witley, creating a substantial, ‘fair new-built’
house with a central block, two square towers and two large wings extending
behind. In front of the central block to the south was a walled garden.
It is believed that Thomas’ son, Thomas Foley II
(c1641-1701), another High Sheriff and MP, also made improvements to the manor,
possibly replacing the original roof with an overhanging hipped roof. This is
visible in an early painting. He had added the six manors of Great Witley to
the property by 1689. Nevertheless, it would appear that it was his son, Thomas
III, who began the switch from industrial entrepreneurs of sound business
practice and acumen to landed gentry and politicians. It was he who disposed of
many of the family’s ironworks, presumably with this aim.
Inheriting the property in 1700, Thomas III became Baron
Foley of Kidderminster in 1712, courtesy of Queen Anne, who created twelve new
peers to increase Governmental votes in the House of Lords. Thomas III lived at
Witley for thirty-three years and greatly extended the house to match his
burgeoning ambition. He deepened the central block by filling out the garden
front of the house and added another floor, as well as erecting small, two-storey
wings on the south front of the existing east and west projections. A bowed
frontispiece in the centre was built to provide architectural interest to the
southern aspect, while bay windows improved the northern ends of the East and
West wings. Two stable blocks were constructed to flank the main driveway.
Thomas III was responsible for the planting of thousands
of trees, including a magnificent avenue approaching the house from the east,
and it is likely that in the process various cottages were moved. Photos of an
old painting, now lost, shows the Jacobean south front, with the medieval
church about two hundred yards to the left of the mansion and houses in the
foreground. Little evidence remains of either the original village or the old
rectory, which stood opposite the present day Garden House. It had been Lord
Foley’s intention to erect a new church to complement his remodelled house and
do away with the old Gothic parish church, but in the end this was accomplished
by his widow and the second Lord Foley, Thomas IV (1703-66).
Consecrated in 1735, the new church may have been
designed by James Gibbs (1682-1750), who was the architect for St.
Martin-in-the-Fields in London. He it was who oversaw the installation of the
windows and ceiling paintings, which were acquired in 1747 from the chapel ‒ at
Canons in Middlesex ‒ belonging to the Duke of Chandos. Thomas Foley IV was the
initiator of a new approach on the northern side, by creating a causeway across
the present Front Pool through the damming of a stream. New service blocks were
also added to enhance the aesthetics of this façade for the visitor, with
curved walls ‒ which in due course became arcaded screen walls ‒ being used to
connect these buildings to the house.
The Foley family continued at Witley for 183 years, but
the original barony became extinct with the death of Thomas IV in 1766. The
estate passed to his second cousin, Thomas V (1716-77), who hailed from Stoke
Edith in Herefordshire. Another MP, he was rewarded with elevation to the
peerage on his own merit with the title Baron Foley, of the second creation. A
source of great disappointment, his two elder sons were spendthrift and succumbed
to ‘the River Tick’, while Thomas VI (1742-93) earned the sobriquet ‘Lord
Balloon’ following a hot air balloon catching fire when its ascent failed from
the garden of Foley House in London on 20 September 1784.
While Lord Balloon had a successful career, in that he
became a privy councillor and Lord Lieutenant of Worcestershire, both positions
of high office, it was noted in the Royal
Register that he had sunk to such a level of ‘misery and disgrace’ through
‘debauchery, extravagance and gambling’ that he could never recover. His father
disowned him, but the damage had been done. The family fortunes had been badly
dissipated.
The next recipient of the title was Thomas VI’s third and
only surviving son, also Thomas, who inherited in 1793, at the tender age of
thirteen. Thomas VII (1780-1833) married one of the 2nd Duke of
Leinster’s daughters in 1806 and thus restored his financial standing. He
commissioned premier Regency architect John Nash (who often stayed with the
family at Witley) to carry out various ambitious alterations. The most evident
of these to the modern visitor are the two enormous stone porticoes built on to
the north and south fronts. Although precise dating is unclear, the north
portico is mentioned in print in 1814 and appears to have been added before the
southern façade. The East and West wings were raised to match the roof-lines
with the new porticoes. At this same time, the roof was altered to permit
overhanging ‘Tuscan’ eaves.
Nash redesigned the house interior around a central
gallery – a favourite ‘conceit’ of his in grander houses – and altered the East
wing. Here he developed a line of rooms, starting from the Gallery with a
dining room and leading through a library to ‘Lord Foley’s Rooms’, which
included a bath. These arrangements are depicted in a drawing by architect C.R.
Cockerell following a visit to Witley Court in 1821. Although described by
Cockerell as ‘very coarse and vulgar in taste’, it is probable that Nash’s
décor followed those fashionable Regency styles he had employed for the Prince
Regent at Carlton House and then Buckingham Palace. The stable blocks were
demolished at this time and large new domestic quarters were built around two
courtyards to the west of the house. A small conservatory was also added by
Nash, placed at right angles to the south-west service block. Kennels, in the
shape of octagonal pavilions and exercise yards which inter-connected, were
erected in the park for Lord Foley’s hounds by George Repton, son of the famous
landscape gardener, Humphrey Repton. It is quite likely Repton Snr. was asked
for his opinion with regards the landscaping.
The whole Witley estate, including the house and
contents, was sold in 1837, four years after Thomas VII’s death, by his son
Thomas VIII. It passed into the hands of the trustees of William, 11th
Baron Ward of Birmingham, who inherited the wealth of the first Earl of Dudley,
John William Ward, at one time a Foreign Secretary, in 1833. Prior to Lord Ward
gaining his full inheritance (based on the income from over 200 mines in the
Black Country), aged 28, Witley was let. Queen Adelaide, widow of William IV, was
the most notable occupant, between 1843 and 1846. King Edward VII was another
Royal guest, at various house parties around 1860-1910, towards the end of the
Court’s Victorian heyday.
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| View of Orangery and South-west Wing (C) Heather King |
Lord Ward put his own stamp on Witley Court, further
enlarging the already impressive building. He was responsible for the addition
of the Orangery, which replaced Nash’s conservatory, and the curved South wing.
He added a facing of Bath stone to the whole building and the church, and
brought in architect Samuel Daukes to refurbish the house in the ornate Italian
style. A corniced balustrade was added around the new flat, lead roof and a new
stable block was constructed adjoining the churchyard on the southern side.
W.A. Nesfield was commissioned to lay out elaborate gardens; these were
enclosed by a stone balustrade incorporating two pavilions and thus neatly
formed the boundary of the deer park. The church was also further embellished,
both inside and out.
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| Wall Pavilion (C) Heather King |
Carton Pierre (a type of papier mâché) was used to create
mouldings and other fashionable decoration, while the ballroom and the main
reception rooms were dressed in various versions of white and gold as inspired
by the Louis XIV and XV French interiors. Marble chimney-pieces and other such
items were carved, many by the designer of the Perseus and Andromeda fountain,
James Forsyth. This work was completed in 1860, the very year that Lord Ward
succeeded to the revised title of Earl of Dudley in recognition of his
charitable donations.
The first Earl died in 1885 and is buried at Witley,
although his monument lies in Worcester Cathedral. The 2nd Earl,
William Humble Ward, took up residence when 21, three years after inheriting,
and held a splendid three-day party to mark the occasion. The first evening,
there was a glittering ball for 214 guests. Two marquees were set up – one for
the ball and one for all the coachmen – while an enormous temporary stable was arranged
for one hundred horses. The second day involved congratulations and
presentations from various trades. Then on the third day, a fair was held,
complete with Punch and Judy, lunch for nine hundred men in a massive marquee
sixty metres in length, pleasure boats, merry-go-rounds and fireworks. The 2nd
Earl married Norfolk banking heiress Rachel Anne Gurney in 1891 and owned two
properties in London (Dudley House and 7, Carlton Gardens), as well as estates
in Great Britain, Europe and Jamaica. Lord Dudley hosted lavish shooting
parties that were attended, as aforementioned, by the future Edward VII.
Enormous dinners were held in either the ballroom or picture gallery when the
dining room was of insufficient size to accommodate all the guests.
Guests might stay for a week, bringing with them retinues
of servants (depending on status), all of whom had to be housed too. A lady’s
maid, a valet, a groom, would be a minimum requirement for those joining a
house party. Nobility and Royalty might well bring their own cook, footmen, gun
loaders and more. The Court’s own servants included the butler, housekeeper, housemaids,
footmen, boot boys, scullery maids, gardeners and stable staff, totalling about
one hundred persons. It was the size of a modern hotel!
William Humble and his wife Rachel had seven children
between them, but did not dance to the same tune. He was outgoing and enjoyed
being one of the Prince of Wales’ rackety set, while she embraced the
characteristic Victorian values of family, duty, good works and church. A legal
separation was arranged in 1908 and Witley Court became the Countess’ domain. She
created ‘My Lady’s Garden’ of topiary and this is now the garden of the Tea
Rooms, adjacent to the church.
Lord Dudley’s extravagance, however, had depleted his fortune
and foreign competition further ravaged the family’s wealth. The story goes
that the Earl threw unpaid bills into a pair of wooden urns which stood at the
bottom of the main staircase. The estate was mortgaged and pictures were sold
to fund his partying. In 1920, the Countess died in a bathing accident in
Ireland and Witley Court was sold the following year. The estate was bought by
Sir Herbert Smith (1872-1943), a Kidderminster carpet manufacturer. Lord Dudley
remarried and the line still continues.
Meanwhile, Sir Herbert, a self-made man and accomplished
violinist, who retired at the age of forty-nine already a millionaire, reduced
the staff and, although the house was furnished, lived with his family in the
south-west wing. He had electricity installed, but the vast mansion was no
longer to play host to the excesses of the idle rich. In September 1937 a fire
started in the evening of the seventh, possibly in the basement bakery. It spread
quickly, the flames assisted by a strong wind. Lack of maintenance meant the
water system from the fountain’s reservoir was unusable and while villagers
helped the few staff to save much of the contents, the eastern and central
blocks were devastated. Those contents saved, plus garden statuary, were
auctioned in 1938 and the house and grounds were sold to a Mr. Banks the year
after. Trees were felled and the land was sold for farming.
The house fell into ruin, anything of value taken by a
Stratford antique dealer, who bought the property in 1954. Nature’s forces
began the slow process of reclaiming what man had built and the mansion was
nearly demolished on several occasions for various schemes, including a caravan
park, housing and a motor racing track. Thank heavens none of these proposals
succeeded! What a travesty it would have been. It seems hard to believe, now,
that visitors to Worcester Cathedral might daily be driving past the Perseus
and Andromeda fountain on the roundabout there, or that the church could be
sitting somewhere in London…
Thanks to the foresight of those responsible for a
Building Preservation Order issued in 1964 and a Compulsory Guardianship Order
from the Department of the Environment in1972, the ruined grandeur of Witley
Court lives on to delight thousands of visitors, due in no small measure to the
dedication and work of English Heritage, who took over in 1984.
Long may this still-glorious and evocative building
continue to grace the velvet lawns of Witley in this time capsule of historic
magnificence, and encourage many future generations to appreciate the
architectural splendour of our country houses. First developed through
industry, this author hopes that the industry of the twentieth and twenty-first
centuries – tourism – will go on keeping our heritage alive.
I hope you enjoyed this post as much as I enjoyed my day out at Witley Court!
Heather
