The bay gelding was standing
four-square with his hocks well underneath him. This means the
horse was standing squarely with all four feet lined up with each
other and the joints midway down his back legs (the hocks) correctly
supporting his hindquarters.
Back at the knee –
indicates a concave line of the joint when horse viewed from the
side. Also called calf-knee. Along with Over
at the knee, is a weakness and therefore to be avoided.
Bone – a horse is said to
have ‘good bone’ when it has a circumference around the cannon
bone, directly below the knee, of eight inches or more depending on
type.
Bowed tendons – this
means that the horse has sustained injury to the ‘pulley system’
of (usually) the front leg/legs, leaving him with a convex swelling
which may be either soft or hard, depending on the severity and age
of the injury. As with humans, the tendons are responsible for the
movement of the legs.
Boxy feet – small,
upright feet.
Bull-neck – short, thick
neck.
Carty – a cold-blooded,
common draught-type horse, 1863.
Clean-legged – a
horse with no blemishes, or a well-bred one with no ‘feather’ in
its’ heel.
Close-coupled – a short,
deep bodied and compact horse with well-sprung ribs.
Cock-tailed – the
tail is docked, 18th century.
Cock-throttled – similar
shape to that of a cock; poorly set on with convex gullet. High head
carriage.
Coffin head – coarse and
ugly head where the jowl is not sufficiently pronounced.
Cow-hocks – the horse’s
hock joints point towards each other in the manner of a cow’s.
Cresty – a thick, rounded
neck usual in stallions. 20th century colloq.
Croup-high – the
hind quarters are higher than the withers. Young horses will
sometimes be this after a growth spurt.
Deep through the girth –
this means the horse has good depth of body allowing plenty of room
for heart and lungs.
Dipped back – although a
weakness, a concave-backed horse often gives a comfortable ride. Age
produces a similar if lesser shape in many equines.
Dished face – a concave
profile which indicates Arab blood. The English Thoroughbred evolved
from three such horses: The Byerley Turk, The Darley Arabian and The
Godolphin Barb (Arabian).
Ewe-neck – looks set on
the wrong way up, with hollow crest and thick underside.
Fiddle-headed – a
large, coarse, plain head.
Flat-catcher – a
showy mover with (usually) flashy looks and fine coat which belie
conformation faults. Often sold by unscrupulous dealers to the
inexperienced ‘flats’.
Flat-footed – the
horse goes on heels more than on toes due to low hoof wall.
Flat-sided/slab-sided
– the ribs lack roundness, making the horse narrow and often
uncomfortable to ride.
Good front/rein – a term
for the good sloping shoulders, length of neck and saddle position
on a horse which provide an excellent ride.
Goose rump – the
hindquarters slope steeply from highest point to top of tail. Good
jumpers often have goose rumps. From behind, a horse’s rump should
be rounded at hip, the muscle swelling gradually on each side. The
hips should be level and not stick out unduly.
Herring gutted –
underside of horse’s body traces high into hindquarters like that
of a greyhound.
Knees and hocks to the ground
– describing [desirable] short cannon bones and shanks. Also ‘well
to the ground’.
Knock-kneed – the horse’s
knees turn towards each other.
‘Leery’ – a horse
without much heart or appetite for work; hesitant rather than nappy
or vicious.
‘Legs out of one hole’
– narrow-chested horse where front legs are very close together.
‘Let down’ – normal,
well-conditioned body.
Loaded shoulder – one
covered with thick, heavy muscle.
‘Long in the tooth’ –
literal description of an old horse.
Lop ears – floppy ears
which are wide apart and droop downwards. Often indicates a placid,
genuine horse.
Mealy nose – oatmeal
coloured muzzle, characteristic of the Exmoor.
Narrow behind – the croup
and thighs lack muscle and so appear narrow when viewed from behind.
Narrow in front – front
legs set close together.
Near side – the left-hand
side of the horse.
Off side – the right-hand
side of the horse.
Over at the knee – the
knee appears permanently bent. If exaggerated, the horse may be
prone to stumbling. Along with Back
at the knee is a weakness and therefore to be avoided.
Overshot – the front
teeth in the upper jaw protrude over those in the lower. Also Parrot
mouth.
Parrot mouth – when the
upper jaw is malformed, causing the incisors to overhang the lower
jaw. This prevents proper mastication and often causes digestive
disorders.
‘Peacocky’ – a very
high neck carriage where the head is strongly bent at the poll,
coupled with a flashy appearance attractive to the uninitiated.
‘Proud’ 1860s.
Pigeon-toed – as with
people, the horse’s front feet point inwards instead of straight
forward.
Pig-eye – a small
eye, often appearing mean, disinterested or lacking intelligence.
Proppy – the movement is
stilted and ‘choppy’, caused by lack of flexion in knees or
pasterns. Often the horse also has straight shoulders. (Mid 20th
century)
Ram-headed – the
profile is convex, the term sometimes employed by aficionados of the
Arab with respect to the Barb.
Rangy – a big horse with
lots of scope. (Late 19th century)
Rat tail – a tail with
little or no hair at the dock.
Razor-backed –
refers to a sharp and prominent spine.
Roach back – arched back
caused by a malformation of the spine. Difficult to fit a saddle to.
Roman nose – a convex
profile, sometimes found in horses with ‘heavy horse’ blood,
such as the breeds associated with ploughing and pulling beer drays,
Shire, Suffolk Punch, Irish Draught and Percheron. Roman-nosed
horses often have kind and genuine temperaments.
‘Running up light’ –
poorly conditioned, showing under-muscled quarters and hollow
flanks.
Short-coupled – short,
deep body with well-sprung ribs.
Short of bone – lacking
circumference of bone below the knee.
Sloping shoulder – The
length of the shoulder should match the length of the head for the
horse to be in proportion, and should be gently sloping to provide a
good stride length and a smooth ride. An upright shoulder makes for
a short, choppy step. This would be extremely uncomfortable for the
rider if travelling more than a short distance. It would also be
undesirable in a hunter as such a fault would make it difficult for
the horse to recover after a jump should there be a problem.
Star gazer – the horse’s
head is held too high, making it dangerous to ride over fences.
Straight pasterns – this
means the horse has upright legs between the ‘ankle’ joint (the
fetlock) and the hoof. This area (the pastern) should be gently
sloping on the same angle as the hoof. Straight, upright pasterns
lead to a choppy, uncomfortable ride.
Swan neck – obvious shape
of neck which also tends to be ewe-necked at lower end.
Sway-backed – back
with sharp dip behind the withers.
Tail carriage – should be
high and expressive, which shows quality and breeding, most
characteristically so in the Arabian.
Tied-in below the knee –
cannon bone measurement is less below the knee than further down the
leg. Bad fault.
Top line – the line of
the back from neck to croup.
Undershot – the lower jaw
protrudes out past the upper.
Upright shoulder –
provide faulty action and uncomfortable ride, often jarring when
accompanied by upright pasterns. Not so detrimental in harness
horses.
‘Up to weight’ – a
horse capable of carrying a heavy rider; has a lot of bone.
Well ribbed-up –
deep, short body with well-sprung ribs which is also well rounded.
Wide behind – the hind
legs are farther apart than the norm from quarters to hoofs. Can
also describe splayed movement of the hind limbs.
Windgall – soft, round
swelling filled with fluid, sited above or behind the fetlock joint
on either side. Rarely cause lameness, yet being a sign of wear and
tear, their presence should be viewed with caution by prospective
purchasers.